Saturday, October 5, 2019
Reflections of Nature-Nurture and the Issue of Cloning Essay
Reflections of Nature-Nurture and the Issue of Cloning - Essay Example As the discussion explores nature versus nurture is a shorthand expression for debates about the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities versus personal experiences in determining or causing physical and behavioral traits. In many instances, it has been found that genes do have a contribution to the intelligence and personality of an individual. This paper declares that the definition of ‘nurture’ would include not merely the care given by the parents but also one’s experience in the womb. In case of cloning, the experience in the womb is not possible and this challenges the ‘nature’ itself. Current studies in biology indicate that genes alone cannot determine the trait because the genes are never sufficient in isolation. A particular environment can influence a trait just as particular genes can influence the trait. The media too portrays clones as exact carbon copies with no unique traits but the environment that influences people’s behavior and personality. Genes merely dictate the shape and the number of neurons in the brain. The arrangement and the connection between these neurons determine the personality of the individual. According to the way the neurons function, a synapse is activated or triggered by a certain event or its corresponding action. The events and experience influ ence these connections, which ultimately influence the personality traits and determine a person’s behavior.
Friday, October 4, 2019
The Actual Meaning of Being Educated Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
The Actual Meaning of Being Educated - Essay Example The essay evaluates the question regarding the actual meaning of being educated. There has always been a debate on the topic regarding classification of people as educated and otherwise but such debates have not yielded a consensus yet. The most common perception regarding being educated is having knowledge of different subjects that are taught in schools, however in accordance with different philosophers, being educated is just not having knowledge of certain subjects but it has a greater meaning. Theories regarding education have been presented by a number of philosophers and the theories presented stretch over a vast lapse of time. The ultimate goal of the educational philosophy is to get students interested in the subject and cause them be on familiar terms with it as well. To achieve it a teacher is to set several goals such as: to be persuasive, to make students respect the teacher, to know the subject well, to have friendly relations with students, to create a perfect learning environment, and to create a proper curriculum. â€Å"Education - like democracy, free markets, freedom of the press, and "universal human rights" - is one of those subjects whose virtue is considered self-evident†. â€Å"A successful education process embraces the notion of a proper curriculum.†Reece & Walker considers a Scheme of Work to be â€Å"a series of learning experiences, sequenced to achieve the course aims in the most effective way†. Thus it is vital to set the course goals, the length and the system of total evaluation. Â
Thursday, October 3, 2019
Therapeutic Cloning Essay Example for Free
Therapeutic Cloning Essay Introduction            Cloning is the practice of creating a genetically the same copy of an original creature. And although it seems like twentieth-century idea, cloning is actually a part of natural processes, and had taken place many decades before though it was attainable. Since a variant of the cloning process plays such a large role in stem therapies, it’s worth taking a look at how cloning processes work (Cohen, 2002).            Most public attention has been focused on the area called reproductive cloning – reproducing an entire creature be it frog, sheep, dog, or human being. As the twenty-first century unfolds, it is far more likely that what has been called therapeutic cloning – cloning used to cure disease – is going to have a more immediate impact on all our lives. Your chances of getting a cloned liver are greater than your chances of seeing a cloned you (Avise, 2004). Therapeutic Cloning            Relative to genetic testing, therapeutic cloning is a technology very much in its infancy. Whereas we can plausibly predict, that genetic testing methods and the scope of such tests will dramatically improve in the proximate future, a like projection in the case of therapeutic cloning is more of a stretch. This view notwithstanding, analysis of current regulation of therapeutic cloning does have something to gain from postulating a future world in which therapeutic cloning is in clinical application (Savulescu Hendrick, 2003).            One likely application of therapeutic cloning is in the treatment of leukemia, and more broadly in various types of tissue and organ transplantation. Therapeutic cloning is important for four seasons. First, there is a shortage of tissue for transplantation. Second, there are problems with compatibility of transplanted tissue form another individual, requiring immunosuppressive therapy with serious side effects. Cloned tissue would be compatible without the infectious risks of xenotransplants. Third, the role of transplantation might be expanded to include common diseases such as heart attack and stroke. Fourth, cloning may prove to be a cost-efficient means of preventing disability and morbidity, and of promoting distributive justice (Shannon, 2005).            In considering the ethical aspects of therapeutic cloning there are two separate issues: should embryos produced during in vitro fertilization (IVF), which would otherwise be discarded, be available for research (with the consent of the couple who produced them); and, should we deliberately create embryos for use in research? It is difficult to argue against using embryos that would otherwise be discarded. The main ethical issue raised by both the production of ES cells and therapeutic cloning, is that of destroying embryos for the purposed of research or tissue for transplantation. If the embryo is considered to have a moral status similar to, say, a child, them embryo research would normally be wrong. On this view, IVF and almost any termination of pregnancy would also be wrong. A less absolute position would be that what is wrong with destroying embryos is a need to respect human life in general. But that wrong need to be balanced against the value of such research. Furthermore, for every live birth, up to five embryos will miscarry. In attempting to have a child by natural conception, we implicitly accept that this loss is a price worth paying to produce a new life. If the loss of embryos is an acceptable price to pay to produce a new life, is it not also an acceptable price to pay to save an existing life (Avise, 2004)? Tissue Therapy via Therapeutic Cloning            More than 40 years elapsed since Joseph Murray and his colleagues at a Boston hospital successfully transplanted a kidney between identical twins. This landmark approach was later extended by the medical community to other organs (e.g., heart, liver, lung, and pancreas) and to transplants involving more distant relatives and unrelated individuals. Transplants between unrelated individuals are especially challenging because, unless ameliorative actions are taken, the immune system of a transplant recipient sooner or later rejects the alien cells. To alleviate this problem, donor and recipient typically are matched as closely as possible for genes underlying immune responses, and immune-suppressive drugs also are administered. Such procedures are fairly common and have saved many lives. Nonetheless, modern transplantation surgery remains risky due to inherent immunological intolerances of patients to foreign tissue (Cohen, 2002).            Thus, many research professionals are excited about â€Å"therapeutic cloning,†a new genetically modified (GM) approach that in theory should avoid the immunorejection problem. In this procedure, genes in cells to be transplanted originate from the patient, who therefore serves in effect as both donor and recipient. Because the donor and recipient tissues have identical genotypes, presumably the immune system would not recognize the implanted tissue alien. Another reason for enthusiasm about therapeutic cloning is that this research gives scientists welcome opportunities for basic research on human genetic disorders as they unfold during cell and tissue development (Bellomo, 2006).            The notion of therapeutic cloning for tissue or organ reconstruction in humans traces to the development of nuclear-transfer cloning methods for sheep and other farm animals. As applied to human cells, the procedure might work as follows: A suitable cell is removed from a patient and its nucleus is inserted physically into an enucleated egg. The egg then begins to multiply in a test tube, and, from the developing mass, pluripotent cells (those that possess a capacity to differentiate into multiple tissue types) are induced to grow replacement cells needed by the patient. Nerve cells might be grown to treat Alzheimer’s disease or spinal cord injuries, skin cells could be used to repair burn damage, retinal cells for macular degeneration, pancreatic cells for diabetes, hematopoietic cells for leukemia, neuroglia cells for multiple sclerosis, and so on. When returned to the patient’s body the cloned cells in such tissues or organs ideally would repair or replace the damaged body part, without evoking immunological rejections (Avise, 2004).            Several technical challenges must be overcome before this approach is medically viable. First, nuclear transfer (NT) techniques developed for farm animals will have to be improved and adapted to our species. Second, cells in the proliferating mass must be generated in such a way that they indeed are pluripotent at the outset. Third, the developmental potential of those flexible cells then must be channeled to produce the specialized kind of tissue that the patient requires. Fourth, methods must be devised to put those now-dedicated cells together properly to make therapeutically useful tissue or organ. This may take place naturally when the cells are placed in a patient’s body, or in some cases it may be accomplished initially in vitro. For example, replacement skin tissue for burn victims might be constructed by seeding the cloned cells onto sheets of a polymeric scaffolding substance. Finally, tissue therapy must be conducted such that the cloned cells do no harm when returned to the patient. It would be disastrous, for example, if even a few cells in the transplanted tissue began to divide in an unregulated, cancerous fashion (Shannon, 2005).            Of course, ethical issues will have to be addressed as well. When the initial oocyte created by NT begins to divide into two cells, then four, then eight, and so on, when does the cloned mass become a new human being worthy of protection under the law? Opponents of therapeutic cloning often contend that an individual arises at the exact moment that the first appears, such that any sacrifice of an early cell mass, even for medical purposes, is tantamount to slaughter. Proponents of therapeutic cloning view this notion as nonsense. How, they as, can a few amorphous cells be granted legal rights that take precedence over those of sentient human beings is desperate need of cell therapy? Remarkably, in US society, most of the debate over the possible legalization of therapeutic cloning hinges on this one emotion-laden philosophical issue (Bellomo, 2006).            In such public discussions, a common error (or often, an intentional argumentative ploy) is to equate therapeutic cloning with reproductive cloning. Although the initial laboratory steps in the two procedures are identical – both begin by inserting a cell nucleus into an unfertilized egg – that is where the similarity ends. In reproductive cloning, the GM egg would be re-implanted in the womb and allowed to grow into a fetus and baby, the intent being to generate a fully functional and independent human being genetically identical to its predecessor. In therapeutic cloning, the early clump of pre-implantation cells that comes from the GM egg would be grown in vitro and used to produce replacement tissues for medical rehabilitation (Avise, 2004). Elimination or Treating Heritable Diseases via Therapeutic Cloning            Although therapeutic cloning does not reproduce an entire organism to develop in utero and live life outside the womb, one motivation for reproductive cloning might be therapeutic. Reproductive cloning could allow genetic engineering interventions to correct defective genes before they have a chance to exert detrimental effects. Correction at the earliest stage would also free germ or reproductive cells and hence subsequent generations from carrying the defective gene (Savulescu Hendrick, 2003).            Certain genetic disorders may enhance certain universal human vulnerabilities, such as those to infection, bleeding, and aging. Beyond increasing these, everyone has inherited vulnerability to some disease or diseases. We would all like to be free from the threat of heart disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and Alzheimer’s disease. Therapeutic cloning might substantially improve the treatment for these diseases since therapy for these is currently limited by the availability or immunocompatibility of tissue transplants (Avise, 2004).            Among the genetic disorders, some are so highly heritable and horrific that we might wish to employ reproductive cloning to enable the use of genetic engineering to correct the defective gene. That would free the clone and all subsequent generations from their ravaging impact (Savulescu Hendrick, 2003).            However, reproductive cloning is an inefficient and error-probe process that results in the failure of most clones during development. For a donor nucleus to support development it must properly activate genes important for early embryonic development, it must properly activate genes important for early embryonic development and suppress differentiation-associated genes that were transcribed in the original donor cell. Inadequate â€Å"reprogramming†of the donor nucleus is thought to be the principal reason for the developmental loss of most clones. In contrast, reprogramming errors do not appear to interfere with therapeutic cloning, because the process appears to select for functional cells (Shannon, 2005). Ethics of Therapeutic Cloning            Can therapeutic cloning be ethically tolerable? Debates about the theory of proportionality, the slippery slope and the principle of subsidiarity here center again in a little dissimilar way (Savulescu Hendrick, 2003).            It is uncertain whether the principle of proportionality offers a believable a priori opposition against therapeutic cloning. If it is well thought-out suitable to make embryos for study aiming cryopreservation of oocytes; in vitro maturation of oocytes and the like, then it is contradictory to decline therapeutic cloning in advance as being disproportional (Avise, 2004).            A consequentialist opposition, as a slippery-slope disagreement, is that therapeutic cloning will unavoidably direct to reproductive cloning. This objection firstly presumes that reproductive cloning is necessarily and categorically wrong, a premise still debated. Clearly, it would be premature, if not criminally irresponsible, in view of the serious health risks for children conceived by cloning to start clinical trials on reproductive cloning right now. But what if, somewhere in the future, these risks could be controlled? Would cloning then still be entirely baseless – even if it were ‘safe’ – then it is practical to exclude reproductive cloning, and not to forbid other, non-reproductive, relevance of cloning (Bellomo, 2006).            Are there suitable alternatives to therapeutic cloning? First, it is important to note that therapeutic cloning strictu sensu, starting with the first clinical trials, will not come up soon. Much basic research is needed, about the question whether it will be possible to control the differentiation of human embryonic stem (hES) cells in vitro. This study can, and ought to, be made with additional IVF embryos. At the same time, research into potential ‘embryo-saving’ alternatives for therapeutic cloning should be stimulated. For the relative ethical examination it is once more essential to evade the drawback of one-dimensionality. Amongst others, the following options are suggested in the literature: a) the use of adult stem cells; b) transferring a human somatic cell nucleus into an enucleated animal egg; and c) the direct reprogramming of adult cells, i.e., to reprogram an adult cell to make it revert to it unspecialized state so that it can then be influenced to develop into a specific type of tissue (this involves the development of undifferentiated cells without the need to create an embryo) (Shannon, 2005). Summary and Conclusion            Cloning can be divided into therapeutic and reproductive cloning. Therapeutic cloning is the use of cloning technology to produce, for example, tissues for transplantation to people with disease. Reproductive cloning is cloning to produce a liveborn offspring (Avise, 2004).            The possibility of therapeutic cloning focuses on the concept of stem cells. Stem cells have the ability to develop into different mature cell types. Totipotent stem cells are cells with the potential to form a complete animal if placed in a uterus. They are early embryos. Pluripotent stem cells are immature stem cells with the potential to develop into any of the mature cell types in the adult (liver, lung, skin, blood etc.), but cannot by themselves form a complete animal if placed in a uterus. Human embryonic stem (ES) cell lines obtained from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst or pre-implantation embryo have recently been established. ES cells are pluripotent. Possible future clinical applications of human ES cell technology include: hemopoietic repopulation (‘bone marrow transplant’); treatment of diseases or spinal cord injury; screening of drugs; and as vectors for gene therapy (Cohen, 2002).            We should distinguish reproductive cloning with a therapeutic intent from therapeutic cloning to produce stem cells. Most of us are familiar with the nightmare scenario of reproductively cloning a person in order to use him as possession for â€Å"spare parts.†Parents who conceive children in the hope that the new child would be a good match immunologically to donate an organ needed by an existing child contribute to this image. With a child cloned from the original, there would be no doubt that the needed organ would perfectly match the recipient immunologically. Creating a person to be a source of spare parts is not what therapeutic cloning is about (Bellomo, 2006).            Therapeutic cloning provides hope for cures or better medical treatment for people with many diseases. These include many of the genetic disorders for which reproductive cloning with a therapeutic intent might be entertained, but they also include diseases that are not necessarily genetic. A therapeutic cloning, cells are extracted from an embryo to clone specific bodily tissues for medical use, particularly transplantation. Type I or juvenile diabetes is one example of a disease that might be cured by therapeutic cloning to produce stem cells. Without contradiction, we can condemn reproductive cloning and at the same time, if we choose, support research with embryonic stem cells (Cohen, 2002). References: Avise, J. C. (2004). The Hope, Hype Reality of Genetic Engineering: Remarkable Stories from Agriculture, Industry, Medicine and the Environment. New York: Oxford University Press US. Bellomo, M. (2006). The Stem Cell Divide: The Facts, the Fiction, and the Fear Driving the Greatest Scientific, Political, and Religious Debate of Our Time: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Cohen, D. (2002). Cloning. Brookfield, Connecticut: Twenty-First Century Books. Savulescu, J., Hendrick, J. (2003). Medical Ethics and Law: The Core Curriculum. New York: Elsevier Health Sciences. Shannon, T. A. (2005). Genetics: Science, Ethics, and Public Policy : a Reader. New York: Rowman Littlefield.
Online Web Application For Selling Computer Products
Online Web Application For Selling Computer Products This project report represents the idea of the Online Shopping Website application for Computer products. In this project we are having primary goal of to increase the sale of the Computer product in the market, and to reduce the manual work and increasing the technical support for sellers and buyers to sale or buy product online. The second goal of this site is to maintain the data of buyers, sellers and product. 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT: In the current system all transaction are doing in manual that is very time consuming and it is very difficult for maintenance. They have to maintain all data in books and register that is very difficult to finding any data in those lots of registers and books so it is very time consuming and wasting of money. So to overcoming all these problems we can use Online Shopping for Computer product. The online shopping is the part of internet to do online purchasing and selling product with electronic security, now day this is called as E-commerce. Customer can directly purchase the product online from his/her home through internet. Customer can see many products and details about the products which are not possible in current system. Customer can pay online through credit card there is no need to keep big cash in pocket and physically going to the shop. 1.3 PROJECT AIM AND OBJECTIVES: The major of website for Online Shopping is sale and purchase computer products and services through the internet. This transaction does with the electronic data exchange over the internet. Customer has to give credit card details for purchase product with secure transmission of data exchange over the internet. The Online Shopping website has many objectives some of them as follow: It gives information about various products of different categories. Customers purchase the products online with the help of internet. Customer will login on website for shopping. Customers purchase the product with checking the price of product and can compare the same product with different categories product. Customer will pay online payment so security is more important so for that the secure transmission layer is used. After purchasing product customer can have any problem with product so he can give the details about the problem and get solution for that as per require time. Data security is more important because customers personal details are stored in the database so the database is access by only authorize person or admin. I strongly conclude that implementing this type of application is very useful for online users and sellers of product or owner of the site. 1.4 PROPOSED METHODOLOGIES: In this project we follow the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) methodologies use to develop website. I have used Waterfall Model to develop this website. The main steps in this methodology are Requirement, Analysis, Design, Implementation, Testing and Maintenance. The waterfall model is also called as linear sequential model, in this model all tasks are completed one by one. To use this model the major advantage is very simple and all project development process takes place as per the user requirement. http://www.oddtodd.com/mw/clip_image003.gif Figure: Waterfall Model 1.5 SCOPE: This website is basically for server and deployed on the server site. The Online Shopping website is basically useful to company for selling computer products worldwide. This website will be useful for the following areas: Useful for online selling products for companies. Use anywhere in the world in any time. All information about items is stored in system. Company stores all items details, update items, price, discount etc. Customer can place online order from any place via internet. The System reduces most manual work and maintains all information and stores it for future references. This system will be applicable for company as well as wholesale shops, or any other Organization who wants to sell their products in international markets. This system will provide more data storage facility. This system will provide easy maintenance for future references. 2. RESEARCH: 2.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND TO THE SUBJECT: Java technology is the most popular and robust technique to develop any kind of projects such as window application, web application etc. J2EE is the java enterprise edition to the develop web application. To developing this website I have used JSP (java server page), Servlet and Java beans which are part of J2EE technology. These technologies basically used to give request and take response on server side. Model view controller (MVC) architecture: Figure: MVC architecture Model: The model is related with classes which represent the application data, this model responsible for know what the data is, how to create, delete, retrieve and store the data. View: It is basically used to show the data and notices in user interface which user wants to change it. Controller: These classes basically provide logic of the application, which is responsible for coordination the data in the model and the view. About the data base: The MySQL is one of the popular database for developing server side application or web application, it has more reliability, performance and simple to use. The MySQL database is open source, so its saving time and money and it can run on most platforms. It is specifically use to store large amount of data or records, So Online Shopping website use MySQL database to maintaining the data about the products, customers, sales, purchase etc. 2.2 STUDIES ON SPECIFIC ISSUES This system is purely web based client server architecture Take time to find the troubles of the online users Server MIS configuration Session management Error handling Deployment of the application in Apache Tomcat. MySQL database installation and versions. Setting the path and class path in java. 2.3 TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION Software Database : MySQL 5.0. Server : Apache Tomcat 4.1 Front End : JSP/Servlets, J2SDK 1.6, HTML, DHTML, Java Script. Editor : Edit plus, Jcreator. Hardware Processor : Intel P-IV based system Processor Speed : 2.0. GHz RAM : 256 MB to 512 MB Hard Disk : 40GB to 80GB Key Board : 104 keys 2.4 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING WORK: Proposed system (Developing system) and advantages: The system will reduce manual work which provides easy access and easy working environments. This system will give easy GUI (Graphical User Interfaces) for registration and fill different forms information. This system also gives facility to for customers to register their feedback regarding product to company online and get solution for that. From Companys ease system Admin can get easily details, add new items, update item or etc. The system will give robust efficient in all respect having a strong security features. Minimal and effective security notifications or messages. 3. DESIGN/STRUCTURAL FORMATION: Search ItemUML Diagram Add Item to Shopping Cart Checkout Cart System User Confirmation All Figure 2: Sample UML diagram In the above diagram the user search the products and add to shopping cart and after adding all products which want to buy then he can the checkout the cart and the system checks the users login, credit card and all information for further process and gives confirmation for dealing. (This diagram is sample one, will develop the database for better view). 4. DATA ACQUISITION: Distributed database and GUI application Application deployed in client server architecture. Service Authentication. Data capture. 5. TESTING AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS: Planning to do unit testing, Integration testing and validation tests. 6. OVERALL EVALUATION: Online Shopping website run on any environment, this is useful for any computer parts manufacturing company to sale its products online. This application on the internet, user will use this application easily at anywhere in the world. The feasibility study of the project is follows: Economic feasibility: Online Shopping website is maintaining large amount of historical data with using minimum cost and time. With the help of internet the user or seller can ads or sale his products online all over the world without investing any cost. And the website having graphical user interfaces so no need to training for user or employee. 7. PROJECT APPROCH AND PLAN: In this phase or approach after the collecting the requirement from client we can analyze the customer requirements, then we can create the planning and decide the objectives of the project and divides the projects development into different phases. These phases divided into task and subtask and it will be complete within given time period. 8. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: In this project we are covering how helpful this Online Shopping website to the computer manufacturing company for selling products online, and online purchasing product to the customers. This application manages the all historical data about the products, customers, sellers to the future reference as insert, update, and retrieve the data. It is basically for who dont have time to go shopping at shop they can buy products easily via internet from home or office.
Wednesday, October 2, 2019
Nursing Care as Applied to a Client with a Mental Health Problem Essay
An extended essay demonstrating the candidate’s ability to evaluate how the application of theoretical knowledge gained during the course influences and effects the provision of quality nursing care as applied to a client with a mental health problem. The aim of this assignment is to explore the application of theory to practice with regards to a client with a mental health problem. In order to effectively care for clients, nurses need to regularly evaluate their knowledge and assess this knowledge increases the quality of mental health nursing care. The client chosen for this assignment was a female, 39 year-old suffering with agoraphobia. She was a single Asian origin, but living in a council flat in London with her father and sisters. The duration of the clients' illness was approximately nine years, since about 1987. For the purpose of the reader, this essay will be written in the first person, as it will make the assignment more coherent. I worked with the client in the community for the duration of my placement. Therefore, for two months I had regular contact with the client everyday. The client needed nursing intervention because she needed help in coping with her agoraphobia. Due to this phobia she was reliably housebound and could not successfully carry out her activities of daily living. Her father did the shopping and housework. In addition to this the client's functioning was impaired due to other physical problems. She suffered from epilepsy and she had a tumour growing in the left hemisphere, which affected her right-sided mobility. â€Å"A phobia is a fear of a specific of a specific object or scenario†... ...each session. I then used his list as a reference when the client began to ramble. If supervision had not been used we could have become stressed through interpretation and lack of reflection. Supervision is important because it enhances nurses' education, orientation, support and facilities and nurses to think about how to use of self. (Hinchcliffe 1994). Therefore, the nurses are constantly learning and gaining insight, which impresses clients'. Quality of cares and protects nurses. So we can see from this essay that all the care subjects we have gained knowledge of in the course can greatly improve the clients' care it and our ability to care for them. We are constantly learning in practice and need to use knowledge, but supervision, reflection and other disciplines to improve our standard of care. Nursing Care as Applied to a Client with a Mental Health Problem Essay An extended essay demonstrating the candidate’s ability to evaluate how the application of theoretical knowledge gained during the course influences and effects the provision of quality nursing care as applied to a client with a mental health problem. The aim of this assignment is to explore the application of theory to practice with regards to a client with a mental health problem. In order to effectively care for clients, nurses need to regularly evaluate their knowledge and assess this knowledge increases the quality of mental health nursing care. The client chosen for this assignment was a female, 39 year-old suffering with agoraphobia. She was a single Asian origin, but living in a council flat in London with her father and sisters. The duration of the clients' illness was approximately nine years, since about 1987. For the purpose of the reader, this essay will be written in the first person, as it will make the assignment more coherent. I worked with the client in the community for the duration of my placement. Therefore, for two months I had regular contact with the client everyday. The client needed nursing intervention because she needed help in coping with her agoraphobia. Due to this phobia she was reliably housebound and could not successfully carry out her activities of daily living. Her father did the shopping and housework. In addition to this the client's functioning was impaired due to other physical problems. She suffered from epilepsy and she had a tumour growing in the left hemisphere, which affected her right-sided mobility. â€Å"A phobia is a fear of a specific of a specific object or scenario†... ...each session. I then used his list as a reference when the client began to ramble. If supervision had not been used we could have become stressed through interpretation and lack of reflection. Supervision is important because it enhances nurses' education, orientation, support and facilities and nurses to think about how to use of self. (Hinchcliffe 1994). Therefore, the nurses are constantly learning and gaining insight, which impresses clients'. Quality of cares and protects nurses. So we can see from this essay that all the care subjects we have gained knowledge of in the course can greatly improve the clients' care it and our ability to care for them. We are constantly learning in practice and need to use knowledge, but supervision, reflection and other disciplines to improve our standard of care.
Tuesday, October 1, 2019
Bandura & Rotter, Molly Ringwald Character from Breakfast Club Essay
Bandura & Rotter, Molly Ringwald Character from Breakfast Club The reinforcement for Clair’s behavior was mainly dependent on the approval she received from her popular peer group. She has a notion that she needs to be â€Å"popular†or approved in order to be seen as better in her school. Reinforcement would also be abiding by her parents so she is able to shop with her families wealth. After she had bought something materialistic, it makes her feel good. There was a battle of the reinforcement values in this movie. One was, as stated above, to seek approval of her older known peers known to be stuck-up, condescending, and popular. The other is reinforcement of a more positive virtue. This virtue is as stated, thinking independently and making choices in one’s life for oneself instead of seeking approval from her snobbish peer group. This would help he correct her choices of behavior so they do not become repetitive. At the beginning of the film Clair wasn’t to open to the later reinforcement but then discovered it v ia introspection through group discussion. They discussed peer groups, virginity, suicide attempts, and assaults. Although many of the ways they talked about each other had been derogatory in some way. Clair still introspected. When Clair was confronted about negative evaluations and opinions about herself, she became upset. Her expectancies had been almost the same throughout the movie until her introspection. She would either get upset, denial, switches the blame to person discussing the problem, or rationalized her behavior. An example of rationalizing would be her assuming that Andrew would say â€Å"Hi.†To Brain in the halls, then Andrew would bash Brian in front of his sporty peers. This means possibility of being categorized as a defensive external. If Clair is a defensive external, then the Social Cognitive Learning Theory would be in hot water. This is because the theory states that people who indicate that they are controlled by the outside are not suppose to be competitive. This is a hypocritical theory in comparison to the external locus of control. Clair needs to be approved by groups immediately or she feels left out. Therefore, her expectancy in this situation is to be approved by others. This would also be known as social desirability. Clair also jumps in on bashing another person verbally when her peer does it. Thus, her exp... ...ce and a very new love in John Bender. The Defensive behaviors would line up with Rotter’s defensive external definition associated with Clair’s expectancies. The idea of social comparison had been used by Clair and the new group during their circle discussion. They compared each other socially via peer groups and attitudes. Clair did use dehumanization as a tactic in conversation as well. Clair proclaimed herself better then the others solely because of her group and monetary status while calling Brian an academic nerd and John a criminalistic drug burner. The â€Å"burner†remark was a little hypocritical after she had smoked it herself. She used the advantageous comparison method to explain how each of them would treat each other on the Monday after the detention they would be back in school. She discussed how she would do the same thing to Allison as Andrew would hypothetically do to Brian. Use this as an example: (Andrew [Clair] would say â€Å"Hi.†To Brain [Allison] in the halls, then An drew would bash Brian in front of his sporty peers [stuck-up popular girls].) Lastly, Clair was using displacement, blaming her condescending peer group and parents for her condescending behavior.
Communication on the Internet
Communication on the InternetCommunication before the discovery of internet is only imparted through auditory means, body languages and manual writing. The technology of internet however gave people many options on how to communicate faster and easier. The most popular use of the Internet is communication. The creation of every technology is originally for his advantage. However, man as rational and creative beings always seek ways to make something more beneficial to them even if it is immoral.Communication seems to be the foremost target or objective of internet. Human beings can now communicate in a fraction of second with an individual who is sitting in the other part of the world with the help of plenty messenger services. People can now avail the facilities of email, friendster, facebook, myspace, chat and others. Through these social networking sites, it allows anyone to view information about them which includes photos, blogs, favorites, videos etc.It is an excellent way to k eep in touch and maintain relationships with family and friends. It is now becoming easier to widen one’s social network and establish a kind of global friendship where you can share your thoughts and ideas. Moreover, the opportunity of global friendship that the internet creates will give one an opportunity to explore other culture, tradition and social orientation. It widens people understanding about human nature, why and how things happen. Today, groups or communities have sprung up on the internet where people of common interest discuss common issues thus create shared understanding. Many people through blogs and websites share their information about their interests or hobbies. When the information has been read by someone with same hobbies and interest too, it is easy to make friends and contact. Generally, internet is becoming a friendly place that offers cheap and easy alternative to traditional methods of communication.However, internet can be very deceiving too. Pe ople can readily post wrong information about themselves to impress and get attention. There are internet users who used messaging system to create an intimate relationship with someone they don’t know and even see in person. They unconsciously seek belongingness on those people they meet through the internet. As a result, they give too much emotional attachment and trust that may result to higher expectations. In the internet, people can easily exaggerate things about themselves though the power of language.When a particular net communicator ask someone â€Å"what is the color of your hair?†, instead of saying â€Å"black hair†the receiver may say â€Å"jet black hair†. Or when being asked â€Å"what is color of your eyes?†, instead of saying â€Å"brown eyes†, the receiver may say â€Å"deep brown eyes†. The use of impressive and descriptive words has psychological effects on the receiver. He may likely create wrong impressions and expectations that when he finally meets that person, he will easily get discourage. The internet eliminates the physical aspects of relationships which are very significant to establish a connection.Communicating online is becoming a trend and face to face interaction is not already a commonplace. For those people who are less personal and interactive, they tend to use internet to create social connection. These people are most of the time have low self esteem and has lots of social anxieties. When they can’t be seen or identified, they are more willing and comfortable to open up and share true feelings. However, the receiver who doesn’t hear the tone, who doesn’t see the physical language and doesn’t feel the strength and vulnerability of its emotions, may misinterpret the meaning.As a result, the receiver is more likely to pass wrong judgment and the person giving the information is more likely to get hurt. Moreover, communication via internet instead of face to face will lessen one’s opportunity to meet new people and to create true personal friendship outside home. It will also lessen one’s chance to enhance his communication skills and to work out his social anxieties. Moreover, some people are getting addicted on internet communication that makes them set aside their physical interactions on friends and family. Communication online unconsciously encourage online courtship and friendship too which is not always effective. To fully invest emotionally with someone, there must be a constant human contact where you share experiences that will make you effectively learn together.Since you can easily lie on internet communication, the ability to escape identity is more likely to happen. People can easily fulfill their illusions about themselves via the internet. People can easily send wrong information to feel belong which resulted to losing themselves. Moreover, internet communication sometimes discourages conflict re solution. If two communicators are faced with conflicts, they can easily log off or sign off and not to deal with the issue at hand. It is postponing issues that are most of the time unhealthy.Internet is not only used to create intrapersonal relationships where you disclose something personal about yourself. Internet also becomes an effective tool in business communication. Since internet is inexpensive sometimes free, instant and reliable than conventional communication, more and more people are making business online. Some sell and promote products via the internet and some shop at home. Some has given the option to work at home through freelancing.However, one disadvantage of these conveniences provided by the internet is that it might unconsciously discourage people to make human contact. Thus, will make their experience less meaningful. An internet marketer keeps him away from human contact thus a greater possibility to feel lonely and isolated. Everybody needs to meet people and socialize. Your personal experience with them will create more rapport. You will also learn from them and get to know yourself more as well. The feedback you acquire from them is more genuine than those web savvies. Moreover, conducting online transactions will create inability of both consumers and businesses to evaluate the credibility and legitimacy of the transaction.Internet on business saves time and money. Internet through chat and electronic mails made it possible for the employees to be able to communicate with the clients and management. These apparently cut down expenses since employees or companies don’t have to spend in traveling to attend business meetings. It will also increase the productivity of the employees since the easy and instant communication via the internet will give them more time to finish more activities.However, the experience to go to places and see it yourself will be lessening. To physically and visually experience something has a greater impact and has a greater meaning. But there are also people who used internet for their own advantage through using online communication in acquiring knowledge from different kinds of people. They treat online communication as a great opportunity to gather information in an interactive manner – that includes exchanging information through personal email messages and support groups.Since communication via the internet widens one’s social network, it is inevitable sometimes that people acquire some inappropriate culture from other countries. They might be easily influenced by friends abroad who enjoy such culture. They might apply it even though it is apparently inappropriate to adapt in his own society.Communication can be very effective on the internet. However, on the internet you can not completely assume that the information is private. There are people or predators who can you’re your trust but eventually put you on dangerous situations for their own advanta ge. But on the other side, â€Å"internet makes it easier for governmental and private sector entities to obtain information about consumers and possibly use that information to the consumer’s detrimental†.
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